Carlos Álvarez-Nogal is Professor of Economic History at University Carlos III de Madrid and Research Associate of the Figuerola Institute. He has written on different financial topics in Spanish early modern history: banking, public debt and monetary problems. He has also studied the economic growth of Spain before 1850. His work has been published in Economic History Review, European Review of Economic History, Cliometrica and Revista de Historia Económica, among other journals. His books include El banquero real, Los banqueros de Felipe IV y los metales preciosos americanos, (1621-1665), and El crédito de la Monarquía Hispánica durante el reinado de Felipe IV.