International Trade
Costs of protection

The objectives of Research Fellow Joseph Francois and Will Martin in Discussion Paper No. 1214 are twofold: first, to move the notion of protection and trade liberalization away from one based primarily on fixed policy instruments and closer to one that involves policy regimes subject to uncertainty and variability; and second, within this context, to offer a relatively simple approach to evaluating the benefits of rules-based commitments. As a basis for evaluating the liberalization of stochastically varying protection, they develop a simple framework based on the expected cost of protection. Within this conceptual framework, it is possible to assess the relative impact of tariff bindings on the total costs of protection for individual commodities, through calculation of welfare-weighted costs of protection indices.

The authors examine the effect of tariff bindings on imports of wheat, sugar and beef. Although tariff bindings on these important agricultural commodities have been typically set at levels substantially higher than the average rates of protection, it seems likely that the introduction of tariff bindings will yield substantial reductions in the costs of protection on a broad range of such commodities.

Multilateral Trade Rules and the Expected Cost of Protection
Joseph F Francois and Will Martin

Discussion Paper No. 1214, July 1995 (IT)